The most common mobile app vulnerabilities are: insecure data storage, weak authentication, man-in-the-middle attacks, and lack of code obfuscation. The OWASP Mobile Top 10 list systematises these vulnerabilities.
Protective measures include: SSL pinning (prevents traffic interception), biometric authentication, storing sensitive data in Keychain/Keystore, obfuscation (ProGuard/R8 for Android), and jailbreak/root detection. Any API key must be stored on the backend, never in the app code.
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